{"id":4715,"date":"2023-01-31T16:46:19","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T13:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/?p=4715"},"modified":"2024-02-17T14:13:09","modified_gmt":"2024-02-17T11:13:09","slug":"numune-hazirlama-ve-metalurjik-muayene-yontemleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/numune-hazirlama-ve-metalurjik-muayene-yontemleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Numune Haz\u0131rlama Ve Metalurjik Muayene Y\u00f6ntemleri\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Numune Haz\u0131rlama Ve Metalurjik Muayene Y\u00f6ntemleri\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Metalografi<\/strong><\/a>, bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere metallerin i\u00e7yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Metalografi, metallerin i\u00e7yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek, \u00f6zelliklerini belirlemeye, ge\u00e7mi\u015flerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya ve gelecekte hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin uygulanabilece\u011fini (\u00fcretim kontrol\u00fc) ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, metalografi milimetreden mikrometre alt\u0131 boyut aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu etkinlikler malzeme bilimi, fizik, kimya, mekanik, termodinamik, faz diyagramlar\u0131 ve enerji gibi bir\u00e7ok alanla ilgilidir. Metalografi bu nedenle disiplinler aras\u0131 bir konu olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

\"Metalurji
Metalurji Mikroskobu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bir\u00a0malzemenin mikro yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>, malzemeyi olu\u015fturan bile\u015fenlerin dizili\u015fi, geometrik olu\u015fumunun kimyasal ve yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleri ile tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve malzemeyi olu\u015fturan fazlar\u0131 ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi kusurlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bir malzemenin mikro yap\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6zelliklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler. Malzemelerin t\u00fcm potansiyelini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmak, yaln\u0131zca bir malzemenin mikro yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumuna katk\u0131da bulunan fakt\u00f6rlerin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda mikro yap\u0131 ile \u00f6zellikler aras\u0131nda var olan niteliksel ve niceliksel ili\u015fkilerin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Metalurjik Muayene Y\u00f6ntemleri Nedir<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Metalografik incelemenin temeli<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, uygun numune toplamaya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir numunenin herhangi bir de\u011fere sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, her bak\u0131mdan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 malzemesini temsil etmesi gerekir. Temel kriter, \u00f6rneklemin ara\u015ft\u0131rma ama\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, incelemenin t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re altl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kenar ve orta, ince ve kal\u0131n, hasarl\u0131 ve sa\u011flam b\u00f6lgelerinden ayr\u0131 numuneler al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6vdeden numune kesilirken bu i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u00e7yap\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmemesine dikkat edilmelidir. Numunenin i\u00e7yap\u0131s\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nma veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 deformasyon nedeniyle de\u011fi\u015febilir. Burada esas olan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 maddesinin i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 mikroskop alt\u0131nda g\u00f6rmektir. \u00d6rnekleme yap\u0131l\u0131rken testin amac\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.\u00a0Metalografik inceleme<\/strong>\u00a0genellikle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u0131r: Kesitler, yap\u0131lan ankete ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geni\u015flik veya uzunlukta al\u0131n\u0131r. Kesme s\u0131ras\u0131nda numuneyi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tan termal kesme y\u00f6ntemlerinden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Temel olarak, numune al\u0131rken plasti\u011fin \u00e7ok az deformasyonuna neden olan ve az \u0131s\u0131 \u00fcreten bir kesme y\u00f6ntemi se\u00e7mek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Gerekirse, nispeten b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7alar\u0131 kesmeli ve par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mdan \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6ntem kullanmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. El testereleri, torna tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131, motorlu testereler vb. ile kesim yap\u0131labilir. Ancak ideal kesme i\u015flemi su so\u011futmal\u0131 d\u00f6nen bir disk \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Bunlara metalografik kesme ta\u015flar\u0131 denir. Numuneler ta\u015f\u0131namayacak kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya d\u00fcz bir zemin \u00fczerinde duramayacak kadar karma\u015f\u0131ksa, bu numuneler plastik i\u00e7ine konularak test edilir. Is\u0131l \u015fekillendirme i\u00e7in \u00f6zel kal\u0131plama ekipman\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Numuneyi yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 \u00b0C’ye \u0131s\u0131t\u0131rken ayn\u0131 anda 30 MPa’ya kadar bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulay\u0131n. So\u011fuk \u015fekillendirme oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Metalurjik Muayene Y\u00f6ntemleri Nas\u0131l Uygulan\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bu y\u00f6ntemler s\u0131ras\u0131nda bas\u0131n\u00e7 veya s\u0131cakl\u0131k uygulanmaz. Bununla birlikte, k\u00fcrleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda ekzotermik bir reaksiyon nedeniyle s\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fckselebilir. So\u011fuk \u015fekillendirme, 2 k\u0131s\u0131m veya 1 k\u0131s\u0131m ve 1 toz kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Biri re\u00e7ine (polimer esasl\u0131), di\u011feri ise sertle\u015ftiricidir. Re\u00e7ine ve sertle\u015ftirici uygun oranlarda kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi halde kal\u0131p sertle\u015fmez. Test nesnesinden kesilen numunenin y\u00fczeyi \u00e7ok p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc ve ayr\u0131ca y\u00fczeyde bozulmu\u015f bir tabaka var.\u00a0Numunenin y\u00fczeyi<\/strong>\u00a0mikroskop alt\u0131nda incelenebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Orijinal i\u00e7yap\u0131y\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in y\u00fczey de\u011fi\u015ftirme tabakas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nce cilaland\u0131, sonra cilaland\u0131. A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, sert, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 SiC veya Al2O3 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n suya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t veya kuma\u015fa yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, bu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131na g\u00f6re numaraland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu say\u0131lar, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n elendi\u011fi elek a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve 1 in\u00e7 uzunlu\u011fundaki deliklerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu nedenle, say\u0131 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, tozun boyutu o kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve z\u0131mpara k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 o kadar ince olur. Z\u0131mparalama s\u0131ras\u0131nda, z\u0131mpara k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden su ge\u00e7erek numunenin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Parlatma i\u015flemi mekanik parlatma, elektrolitik parlatma, kimyasal parlatma veya otomatik parlatma ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Mekanik polisaj i\u015fleminde 150 -600 rpm’de d\u00f6nen diskler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Diskler plastikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve cila seviyesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak diskler kanvas, sert y\u00fcnl\u00fc kuma\u015f, poplin, kadife, naylon vb. ile kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Metalurjik Muayene Y\u00f6ntemleri Parlatma \u0130\u015flemi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Parlatma i\u015flemi<\/strong>\u00a0de iki a\u015famaya ayr\u0131l\u0131r: kaba parlatma ve son parlatma. Kaba z\u0131mparalama s\u0131ras\u0131nda t\u00fcy b\u0131rakmayan bir bez veya benzeri kullan\u0131n. B. \u00c7ad\u0131r kuma\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131n. Bitirme a\u015famas\u0131nda k\u0131sa t\u00fcyl\u00fc bir kuma\u015f veya kadife kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kaba parlatma i\u00e7in tane boyutu 15 – -1 m’dir. Hassas parlatma i\u00e7in 0,25 -0,05 \u00b5m. A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 toz disk \u00fczerine d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak al\u00fcminyum oksit Al2O3, Cr2O3, MgO, Fe2O3, elmas tozu gibi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elmas tozlar\u0131 macunlarda, spreylerde, s\u00fcspansiyonlarda ve di\u011fer s\u00fcspansiyonlarda dam\u0131tma yoluyla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bez kapl\u0131 bir disk \u00fczerine elmas tozu s\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fckten veya p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra \u00f6zel bir ya\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ile kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Elmas tozlar\u0131, parlat\u0131lmas\u0131 zor olan \u00e7ok sert ve \u00e7ok yumu\u015fak numunelerin parlat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur. Numuneyi disk \u00fczerinde ters d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnde hareket ettirin, ara s\u0131ra kendi etraf\u0131nda \u00e7eyrek tur sa\u011fa veya sola d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcn. Parlatman\u0131n yeterli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in numunenin y\u00fczeyini \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle veya 100x b\u00fcy\u00fctmede mikroskopla inceleyin. G\u00f6zle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayna gibi, mikroskop alt\u0131nda bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7iziksiz olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Firmam\u0131zdan hizmetler alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u00d6nceki Makalemiz: Komparat\u00f6r ve Salg\u0131 Saatlerinin\u00a0Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Numune Haz\u0131rlama Ve Metalurjik Muayene Y\u00f6ntemleri\u00a0 Metalografi, bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere metallerin i\u00e7yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Metalografi, metallerin i\u00e7yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek, \u00f6zelliklerini belirlemeye, ge\u00e7mi\u015flerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya ve gelecekte hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin uygulanabilece\u011fini (\u00fcretim kontrol\u00fc) ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, metalografi milimetreden mikrometre alt\u0131 boyut aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu etkinlikler malzeme bilimi, fizik, kimya, mekanik, termodinamik, faz diyagramlar\u0131 ve enerji gibi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4716,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[72,67,73,64],"class_list":["post-4715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","tag-2-boyutlu-olcum","tag-3-boyutlu-olcum","tag-temassiz-olcum","tag-yuzey-puruzluluk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4715","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4715"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4715\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6629,"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4715\/revisions\/6629"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4716"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4715"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4715"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insize.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4715"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}